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<h1>Copas</h1>
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<h2><a name="install"></a>Installing</h2>

<p>You can install Copas using <a href="http://www.luarocks.org">LuaRocks</a>:</p>

<pre class="example">
luarocks install copas
</pre>
<p>Note: LuaSec is not automatically installed as a dependency. If you want to use ssl with Copas, 
you need to manually install LuaSec as well.</p>

<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction to Copas</h2>

<p>
Copas is a dispatcher that can help a lot in the creation of servers based on
<a href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~diego/professional/luasocket/">LuaSocket</a>.
Here we present a quick introduction to Copas and how to implement a server with it.
</p>

<p>
Assuming you know how to implement the desired server protocol, the first thing you have
to do in order to create a Copas based server is create a server socket to receive the
client connections. To do this you have to bind a host and a port using LuaSocket:
</p>

<pre class="example">
server = socket.bind(host, port)
</pre>

<p>Then you have to create a handler function that implements the server protocol.
The handler function will be called with a socket for each client connection
and you can use <code>copas.send()</code> and <code>copas.receive()</code> on that socket to
exchange data with the client.</p>

<p>For example, a simple echo handler would be:</p>

<pre class="example">
function echoHandler(skt)
  while true do
    local data = copas.receive(skt)
    if data == "quit" then
      break
    end
    copas.send(skt, data)
  end
end
</pre>

<p>You may alternatively use <code>copas.wrap()</code> to let your code more close to a standard 
LuaSocket use:</p>

<pre class="example">
function echoHandler(skt)
  skt = copas.wrap(skt)
  while true do
    local data = skt:receive()
    if data == "quit" then
      break
    end
    skt:send(data)
  end
end
</pre>

<p>
To register the server socket with Copas and associate it with the corresponding
handler we do:
</p>

<pre class="example">
copas.addserver(server, echoHandler)
</pre>

<p>Finally, to start Copas and all the registered servers we just call:</p>

<pre class="example">
copas.loop()
</pre>

<p>As long as every handler uses Copas's <code>send</code> and <code>receive</code>,
simultaneous connections will be handled transparently by Copas for every registered
server.</p>

<p>
Since Copas is coroutine based, using it within a Lua <code>pcall</code> or
<code>xpcall</code> context does not work with Lua 5.1 yielding. If you need to use 
any of those functions in your handler we strongly suggest using  
<a href="http://keplerproject.github.com/coxpcall/">coxpcall</a>, a coroutine safe
version of the Lua 5.1 protected calls. For an example of this usage please check Xavante.
</p>

<h2><a name="why"></a>Why use Copas?</h2>

<p>
For those who already have a server implemented, here is an explanation of why and
how to migrate to Copas. In a typical LuaSocket server usually there is a dispatcher
loop like the one below:
</p>

<pre class="example">
server = socket.bind(host, port)
while true do
  skt = server:accept()
  handle(skt)
end
</pre>

<p>Here <code>handle</code> is a function that implements the server protocol using LuaSocket's
socket functions:</p>

<pre class="example">
function handle(skt)
  ...
  -- gets some data from the client - "the request"
  reqdata = skt:receive(pattern)
  ...
  -- sends some data to the client - "the response"
  skt:send(respdata)
  ...
end
</pre>

<p>
The problem with that approach is that the dispatcher loop is doing a busy wait
and can handle just one connection at a time. To solve the busy waiting we can
use LuaSocket's <code>socket.select()</code>, like in:</p>

<pre class="example">
server = socket.bind(host, port)
reading = {server}
while true do
  input = socket.select(reading)
  skt = input:accept()
  handle(skt)
end
</pre>

<p>
While this helps our CPU usage, the server is still accepting only one client
connection at a time. To handle more than one client the server must be able to
multitask, and the solution usually involves some kind of threads.</p>
<p>The dispatcher loop then becomes something like:</p>

<pre class="example">
server = socket.bind(host, port)
reading = {server}
while true do
  input = socket.select(reading)
  skt = input:accept()
  newthread(handle(skt))
end
</pre>

<p>
where <code>newthread</code> is able to create a new thread that executes
independently the handler function.</p>

<p>
The use of threads in the new loop solves the multitasking problem but may
create another. Some platforms does not offer multithreading or maybe you
don't want to use threads at all.
</p>

<p>
If that is the case, using Lua's coroutines may help a lot, and that's
exactly what Copas does. Copas implements the dispatcher loop using coroutines
so the handlers can multitask without the use of threads.</p>

<h2><a name="using"></a>Using Copas with an existing server</h2>

<p>
If you already have a running server using some dispatcher like the previous
example, migrating to Copas is quite simple, usually consisting of just three
steps.
</p>

<p>
First each server socket and its corresponding handler function have to be registered
with Copas:</p>

<pre class="example">
server = socket.bind(host, port)
copas.addserver(server, handle)
</pre>

<p>Secondly the server handler has to be adapted to use Copas. One solution
is to use Copas <code>send</code> and <code>receive</code> functions to receive
and send data to the client:</p>

<pre class="example">
function handle(skt)
  ...
  -- gets some data from the client - "the request"
  reqdata = copas.receive(skt, pattern)
  ...
  -- sends some data to the client - "the response"
  copas.send(skt, respdata)
   ...
end
</pre>

<p>The other alternative is to wrap the socket in a Copas socket. This
allows your handler code to remain basically the same:</p>

<pre class="example">
function handle(skt)
  -- this line may suffice for your handler to work with Copas
  skt = copas.wrap(skt)   -- or... skip this line and wrap `handle` using copas.handler()
  -- now skt behaves like a LuaSocket socket but uses Copas'
  ...
  -- gets some data from the client - "the request"
  reqdata = skt:receive(pattern)
  ...
  -- sends some data to the client - "the response"
  skt:send(respdata)
   ...
end
</pre>

<p>Finally, to run the dispatcher loop you just call:</p>

<pre class="example">
copas.loop()
</pre>

<p>During the loop Copas' dispatcher accepts connections from clients and
automatically calls the corresponding handler functions.</p>

<h2><a name="udp"></a>Using UDP servers</h2>
<p>Copas may also be used for UDP servers. Here is an example;</p>
<pre class="example">
local port = 51034
local server = socket.udp()
server:setsockname("*",port)

function handler(skt)
  skt = copas.wrap(skt)
  print("UDP connection handler")

  while true do
    local s, err
    print("receiving...")
    s, err = skt:receive(2048)
    if not s then
      print("Receive error: ", err)
      return
    end
    print("Received data, bytes:" , #s)
  end
end

copas.addserver(server, handler, 1)
copas.loop()
</pre>
<p>For UDP sockets the <code>receivefrom()</code> and <code>sendto()</code> 
methods are available, both for copas and when the socket is wrapped. These 
methods cannot be used on TCP sockets.</p>
<p><strong>IMPORTANT:</strong> UDP sockets do not have the notion of master and client sockets, so where a handler function can close the client socket for a TCP connection, a handler should never close a UDP socket, because the socket is the same as the server socket, hence closing it destroys the server.</p>
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> When using the <code>copas.receive([size])</code> method
on a UDP socket, the <code>size</code> parameter is NOT optional as with regular
luasocket UDP sockets. This limitation is removed when the socket is wrapped 
(it then defaults to 8192, the max UDP datagram size luasocket supports).</p>

<h2><a name="tasks"></a>Adding tasks</h2>
<p>Additional threads may be added to the scheduler, as long as they use the Copas <code>send</code>, <code>receive</code> or <code>sleep</code> methods. Below an example of a thread being added to create an outgoing TCP connection using Copas;</p>
<pre class="example">
local socket = require("socket")
local copas = require("copas")

local host = "127.0.0.1"
local port = 10000

local skt = socket.connect(host, port)
skt:settimeout(0)  -- important: make it non-blocking

copas.addthread(function()
   while true do
      print("receiving...")
      local resp = copas.receive(skt, 6)
      print("received:", resp or "nil")
      if resp and resp:sub(1,4) == "quit" then
         skt:close()
         break
      end
   end
end)

copas.loop()
</pre>
<p>The example connects, echoes whatever it receives and exits upon receiving 'quit'. For an 
example passing arguments to a task, see the async http example below.</p>

<h2><a name="timers"></a>Creating timers</h2>
<p>Timers can be created using the <code>addthread</code> method with the <code>sleep</code> method. 
Below an example of a thread being added to create and used as a timer;</p>
<pre class="example">
local copas = require("copas")

copas.addthread(function()
   print("This will print immediately, upon adding the thread. So before the loop starts")
   while true do
      copas.sleep(1) -- 1 second interval
      print("Hello there!")
   end
end)

print("We're starting!")
copas.loop()
</pre>
<p>The example simply prints a message once every second.</p>

<h2><a name="ssl"></a>Ssl support</h2>
<p>LuaSec is transparently integrated in the Copas scheduler (though must be installed separately when using LuaRocks).</p>
<p>
Here's an example for an incoming connection in a server scenario;
</p>
<pre class="example">
function handler(skt)
  skt = copas.wrap(skt):dohandshake(sslparams)
  -- skt = copas.wrap(skt, sslparams):dohandshake()  -- would be identical

  while true do
    -- perform the regular reading/writing ops on skt
  end
end
</pre>
<p>
A simpler handler would wrap the handler function to do the wrapping and 
handshake before the handler gets called;
</p>
<pre class="example">
function handle(skt)
  -- by now `skt` is copas wrapped, and has its handshake already completed

  while true do
    -- perform the regular reading/writing ops on skt
  end
end
handle = copas.handler(handle, sslparams)  -- wraps the handler to auto wrap and handshake
</pre>
<p>
Here's an example for an outgoing request;
</p>
<pre class="example">
copas.addthread(function()
  local skt = copas.wrap(socket.tcp(), sslparams)
  skt:connect(host, port)  -- connecting will also perform the handshake on a wrapped socket

  while true do

    -- perform the regular reading/writing ops on skt

  end
end
</pre>

<h2><a name="highlevel"></a>High level requests</h2>

<p>
For creating high level requests; http(s), ftp or smtp versions of the
methods are available that handle them async. As opposed to the original
LuaSocket and LuaSec implementations.
</p>
<p>
Below an example that schedules a number of http requests, then starts the Copas
loop to execute them. The loop exits when it's done.
</p>

<pre class="example">
local copas = require("copas")
local asynchttp = require("copas.http").request

local list = {
  "http://www.google.com",
  "http://www.microsoft.com",
  "http://www.apple.com",
  "http://www.facebook.com",
  "http://www.yahoo.com",
}

local handler = function(host)
  res, err = asynchttp(host)
  print("Host done: "..host)
end

for _, host in ipairs(list) do copas.addthread(handler, host) end
copas.loop()
</pre>

<h2><a name="control"></a>Controlling Copas</h2>

<p>
If you do not want copas to simply enter an infinite loop (maybe you have to
respond to events from other sources, such as an user interface), you should
have your own loop and just call <code>copas.step()</code> at each iteration of
the loop:
</p>

<pre class="example">
while condition do
  copas.step()
  -- processing for other events from your system here
end
</pre>



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